7. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

by M. Bourne

Consider the following example, which follows from basic algebra:

`(5\ e^(\ 3j))^2=25\ e^(\ 6j)`

We can generalise this example as follows:

`(r\ e^(\ j\ theta))^n=r^(n)e^(\ j\ n\ theta)`

The above expression, written in polar form, leads us to DeMoivre's Theorem.

DeMoivre's Theorem

`[r(cos\ theta+j\ sin\ theta)]^n=r^n(cos\ ntheta+j\ sin\ ntheta)`

or equivalently,

`(r/_theta)^n=r^n/_ntheta`

Challenge

I'm going to challenge you here...

I have never been able to find an electronics or electrical engineer that's even heard of DeMoivre's Theorem. Certainly, any engineers I've asked don't know how it is applied in 'real life'.

Please let me know if there is a good application.

I've always felt that while this is a nice piece of mathematics, it is rather useless.. :-)

Update: I received this reply to my challenge from user Richard Reddy:

"Much of what you're doing with complex exponentials is an extension of DeMoivre's Theorem. In general, the theorem is of practical value in transforming equations so they can be worked more easily. Often, what you see in EE are the solutions to problems in physics. There was a time, before computers, when it might take 6 months to do a tensor problem by hand. DeMoivre's theorem is a time-saving identity, easier to apply than equivalent trigonometric identities.

I like your site."

Example 1

Find (1 - 2j)6

Complex Roots

If an = x + yj then we expect n complex roots for a.

Example 2

If a5 = 7+ 5j , then we expect 5 complex roots for a.

Spacing of n-th roots

In general, if we are looking for the n-th roots of an equation involving complex numbers, the roots will be `360^"o"/n` apart i.e.

2 roots will be 180° apart

3 roots will be 120° apart

4 roots will be 90° apart

5 roots will be 72° apart etc.

Example 3

Find the two square roots of -5 + 12j.

Exercises:

1. Evaluate (2 ∠ 135°)8

2. Find: (−2 + 3j)5

3. (i) Find the first 2 fourth roots of 81(cos60° + jsin60°)

(ii) Then sketch all fourth roots of 81(cos60° + jsin60°) showing relevant values of r and θ.

4. At the beginning of this section, we expected 3 roots for

x3 = 8.

Find the roots and sketch them.

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