2. Integration: The Basic Logarithmic Form
by M. Bourne
The general power formula that we saw in Section 1 is valid for all values of n except n = −1.
If n = −1, we need to take the opposite of the derivative of the logarithmic function to solve such cases:
`int(du)/u=ln\ |u|+K`
The `|\ |` (absolute value) signs around the u are necessary since the log of a negative number is not defined. If you need a reminder, see absolute value.
We can also write the formula as:
`int(f^'(x))/(f(x))dx=ln\ |f(x)|+K`
In words, this means that if we have the derivative of a function in the numerator (top) of a fraction, and the function in the denominator (bottom) of the fraction, then the integral of the fraction will be the natural logarithm of the function.
Example 1: `int(2x^3)/(x^4+1)dx`
Example 2: `int_0^(pi//4)(sec^2x)/(4+tan\ x)dx`
Example 3: `int(dx)/(x\ ln\ x`
Example 4:
The equation
`t=int(dv)/(20-v)`
comes from considering a force proportional to the velocity of an object moving down an inclined plane. Find the velocity, v, as a function of time, t, if the object starts from rest.
Exercises
Integrate each of the given functions:
1. `int(dx)/(x(1+2\ ln\ x)`
2. `int_1^2(x^2+1)/(x^3+3x)dx`
3. The electric power p developed in a certain resistor is given by
`p=3int(sin\ pi t)/(2+cos\ pi t)dt`
where t is the time. Express p as a function of t.
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