1. Tangents and Normals

by M. Bourne

We often need to find tangents and normals to curves when we are analysing forces acting on a moving body.

A tangent to a curve is a line that touches the curve at one point and has the same slope as the curve at that point.

A normal to a curve is a line perpendicular to a tangent to the curve.

Note 1: As we discussed before (in Slope of a Tangent to a Curve), we can find the slope of a tangent at any point (x, y) using .

Note 2: To find the equation of a normal, recall the condition for two lines with slopes m₁and m₂ to be perpendicular (see Perpendicular Lines):

m₁ × m₂ = -1

Applications

car skid corner tangent curve
A car has skidded while rounding a corner, tangent to the curve.

Tangent:

If we are traveling in a car around a corner and we hit something slippery on the road (like oil, ice, water or loose gravel) and our car starts to skid, it will continue in a direction tangent to the curve.
Likewise, if we hold a ball and swing it around in a circular motion then let go, it will fly off in a tangent to the circle of motion.

bicycle wheel spokes normal to rim
The spokes of a bicycle wheel are normal to the rim.

Normal:

When you are going fast around a circular track in a car, the force that you feel pushing you outwards is normal to the curve of the road. Interestingly, the force that is making you go around that corner is actually directed towards the center of the circle, normal to the circle.
The spokes of a wheel are placed normal to the circular shape of the wheel at each point where the spoke connects with the center.

Examples

1. Find the gradient of

(i) the tangent (ii) the normal

to the curve y = x³ - 2x² + 5 at the point (2,5)

Answer

2. Find the equation of the normal in the above example.

Answer

Need Graph Paper?

Download graph paper

3. Sketch the curve and the normal in the above example.

Let's first see how it looks in LiveMath...

LIVEMath

Now for the normal answer:

Answer

Applications of Differentiation

2. Newton's Method

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