Chapter Contents

• Integration
• 1. The Differential
• 2. Antiderivatives and The Indefinite Integral
• 3. The Area Under a Curve
• 4. The Definite Integral
• 5. Trapezoidal Rule
• 6. Simpson’s Rule
• Riemann Sums
• Integration Mini-lectures
• The Differential
• Difference Between Differentiation and Integration
• Given dy/dx, find y = f(x)
• Integration by Substitution
• Difference Between Definite and Indefinite Integrals
• Area Under a Curve
• Millionaire Calculus Game
• Integration Problem Solver

• Comments, Questions?

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From the math blog...

3. The Area under a Curve

by M. Bourne

A building has parabolic archways and we need to supply glass to close in the archways. How much glass is needed?

We need to know the area under the curve.

We'll see howto do this in 2 ways on this page:

1. Using an approximation (finding areas of rectangles)
2. Using integration

Before integration was developed, they could only approximate the answer by dividing the space into rectangles and adding the areas of those rectangles:

The height of each rectangle is found by calculating the function values, as shown for the typical case x = c. We get a better result if we take more and more rectangles.

In the above diagram, we are approxcimating the area using inner rectangles (each rectangle is inside the curve). We could also find the area using the outer rectangles.

[This method was known to the Ancient Greeks. See Archimedes and the area of a parabolic segment.]

Example of approximation using rectangles:

(a) Find the area under the curve y = 1 - x² between x = 0.5 and x = 1, for n = 5, using the sum of areas of rectangles method.

Answer

Here we can see a demonstration of the above answer using LiveMath with a graph animation:

LIVEMath

(b) Find the area under the curve given in part (a), but this time use n = 10, using the sum of areas of rectangles method.

Answer

You can play with this concept further in the Reimann Sums section.

A Better Way to Find Area

There must be a better way than finding areas of rectangles! Integration was developed by Newton and Leibniz to save all this "adding areas of rectangles" work.

General Case

[NOTE: The curve is completely ABOVE the x-axis].

By a Δ-process, we can show that in general, the exact area under a curve y = f(x) from x = a to x = b is given by the definite integral:

How do we evaluate this expression?

If F(x) is the integral of f(x), then

This means:

To evaluate a definite integral, follow these steps:

• integrate the given function (do not include the K)
• substitute the upper limit (b) into the integral
• substitute the lower limit (a) into the integral
• subtract the second value from the first value
• the answer will be a number

This forms part of The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Example 1: Evaluation of Definite Integral:

Example 2:

Returning to our arches problem above...

If the arch is 2 m wide at the bottom and is 3 m high,
(i) find the equation of the parabola
(ii) find the area under each arch using integration.

Answer

Example 3:

Find the (exact) area under the curve y = x² + 1 between x = 0 and x = 4 and the x-axis.

Answer