# Music and transformation geometry

By Murray Bourne, 08 Sep 2010

Transformation geometry involves moving geometric shapes from one place to another, and studying the characteristics of such moves.

Transformations come in 2 main types - those where the resulting image has the same size and shape as the original (translation, reflection and rotation), and those where there is a change in size (dilation).

Let's look at these more closely.

In translation we move each point on the object a fixed distance.

TRANSLATION

Reflection through a line gives us the mirror image of the original.

REFLECTION

In rotation, we rotate the object around a point. In the example below, I have rotated the treble clef 40° in a clockwise direction about the point P.

ROTATION

You can combine any of the above transformations.

It is even possible to map the original image onto itself (for example, rotating the object by 360° will bring it back to its starting position).

Finally, dilation involves increasing or decreasing the size of the original object. In the example below, a scale factor of 2 has been applied to the original small treble clef to achieve the larger one. In this case, the shape of the image is the same, but the size changes.

DILATION

Islamic art makes extensive use of transformational geometry. Repeated tiles are examples of translations and we can see each tile would map on to itself if rotated 90°.

Islamic tiles [Image source]

## Transformation geometry and music

Many of the techniques used in writing music can also be described using the concepts of transformation geometry. Let's look at a simple example.

## Three Blind Mice

Many of you would have learned Three Blind Mice when you were a child. Here are the opening 2 bars.

What happens next is very common in music - those 3 notes are repeated. This is like translation in geometry:

To get the next phrase, the composer just translated the pattern up by 2 notes (from E to G). In music, this is called a sequence/. He then repeats that bar (another translation to the right):

Three Blind Mice is a round, which means one group (in blue, below) starts singing and after 4 bars, they sing something else ("see how they run"), while a second group (in dark red), sings the opening "Three blind mice".

After those 4 bars, another group joins in singing the opening (another translation), while the second group has gone on to "see how they run" and the first group has gone on to "they all run after the farmer's wife".

So a round is an example of a piece of music constructed around translation.

## Canons and Fugues

For around 500 years up to the time of Mozart, canons and fugues could be heard in churches and concert halls throughout Europe. Canons and fugues are similar to rounds in that one voice (or instrument) starts by itself and is joined by another voice singing that same melody, perhaps in a higher or lower voice.

Actually, rounds are examples of special canons.

## Bach's Crab Canon

This is a fascinating canon by Bach. It is played forward, then backward, then flipped upside-down and played from both ends!
In this video, the music is cleverly placed on a Mobius Strip (a surface with only one side).
This is a great example of transformation geometry in music!

## My own Fugue in A Minor

I recently wrote a fugue. The opening melody starts in A minor and modulates to D minor (a translation, of sorts) where we hear the next entry of the main theme.

A fugue is more "free" than a round in that it changes key and there is development of the theme, usually in several different keys.

My fugue is in the style of Bach for the most part, but has a Jacques Loussier jazz feel in the middle.

So here is my fugue. I hope you enjoy it (it's just over 2 minutes. Unfortunately, it's quite soft so pump up the volume.) Press the red "play" button at the top left of the music:

[The music is embedded from NoteFlight. It's Flash-based, so will probably not work in your mobile device.]

## Some background information:

Here is a (color-coded) Bach fugue (Note the geometry in this example!):

And here is Jacques Loussier, the French jazz pianist, playing Bach in jazz style:

### 11 Comments on “Music and transformation geometry”

1. robot says:

I did not know i was surrounded by maths in this way. Thanks

2. Bevo says:

As a lover of both mathematics and Bach, I found this article most interesting. Pythagoras was one of the earliest mathematicians to make the connection between music and mathematics. There is an excellent graphical representation of Bach's D Minor Toccata and Fugue at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o.

3. Murray says:

Thanks Bevo. I recently discovered that YouTube video. It's great - and has been watched nearly 9 million times!

4. Paulino says:

Libnitz once said: Music is an exercise of Maths.

5. Murray says:

Hi Paulino. Leibniz also said:

"Music is the pleasure of the human soul experiences from counting without being aware that it is counting."

6. charlie says:

music is realy AWSOME it helps people relax and change peoples mood

7. Barb says:

Hi there.
Your site is great. I would like to use your images for translation and reflection in our school's math e-labs. We do not charge the students for them - and we would be happy to reference the image with your link.

Barb Smith

8. Murray says:

@Barb: Yes, you have my permission as long as the image are referenced. And please include a link to the article!

9. Matthew says:

Im still having diffculty understading geometry

10. chittu says:

its interesting but difficult to understand........

11. Murray says:

Hello Chittu. Which bit didn't you understand?

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